Agriculture and forestry

Hetman Nadiia Yakivna − Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Crop Production and Horticulture, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Sonyachna St., Vinnytsia, Ukraine, 21008).

Yevgeny Vasilievish Gyk - graduate student of the Department of Plant Production and Horticulture, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University (21008, Vinnytsia, Sonyachna St., 3. е-mail: zjenya.guk@ukr.net). 

The article evaluates different sowing dates of bean seeds on their productivity and crop quality in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Right-Bank Ukraine. The research was conducted during 2023-2024 using the following varieties of common beans of medium ripening period, namely: Slaviya, Ros, Fayny Yas. Plants of the Slaviya variety were selected as the control. Seeds of bean varieties were sown in three terms: 1st, 2nd and 3rd decade of May, the sowing method is wide-row. The assessment of the effectiveness of the sowing dates of seeds was carried out according to a number of parameters, including the duration of interphase periods, the duration of the growing season, determining the number of tubers and their mass on the plant, determining the total yield and quality indicators of the crop. The best conditions for the growth of bean plants are created when sowing seeds in the 2nd and 3rd decade of May. When sowing seeds in the first decade of May, the duration of the interphase period "sowing-emergence" is 5.4 days - for the Ros variety and 5.7 days - for the Slaviya variety, while when sowing seeds in the second decade of May, germination is observed somewhat earlier, namely by 5.0-5.1 days. As a result of sowing beans in the third decade of May, the duration of the interphase period is the longest. Due to the increase in the average daily temperature and the existence of a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil, the sowing time of beans in the second-third decade of May contributes to a decrease in the interphase period "full germination-flowering" by 0.3-1.0 days, the shortest interphase period is characterized by the Ros and Faynyi Yas bean varieties (43.7-44.1 days) when sowing in the second-third decade of May. The duration of the growing season of bean varieties varies within 87-94 days, where the longest growing season was observed for the Faynyi Yas variety when sowing seeds in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd decade of May. The largest total number of tubers 30.2 pcs/plant was obtained for the Slaviya variety, the seeds of which were sown in the 3rd decade of May, and the smallest - 26.6 pcs/plant for the Faynyi Yas bean variety when sowing in the 1st decade of May. The largest total mass of tubers is accumulated by the Ros bean variety when sowing seeds in the 1st-2nd decade of May before the flowering phase, and by the "seed formation" phase it decreases by almost 2.9-3.5 times. The highest grain yield can be obtained when growing the Faynyi Yas variety when sowing in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd decade of May, its value can be 3.8 t/ha, 3.3 t/ha and 3.4 t/ha, respectively. A decrease in bean yield by 7% or 11% is possible when sowing seeds in the 2nd and 3rd decade of May for the Slaviya variety. The timing of sowing seeds affects the formation of the main quality indicators (the highest value of protein in the grain is obtained when sowing seeds in the 2nd and 3rd decade of May for the Slaviya and Ros varieties, and the Faynyi Yas variety has an increased content of dry matter, crude fat, nitrogen and phosphorus). 

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