Agriculture and forestry

Tkachuk Oleksandr − doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, head of the department of ecology and environmental protection of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. (Str. Sunny, 3, Vinnitsa city, 21008; tel. 0679546095; e-mail: tkachukop@ukr.net).

Misery Anna − graduate student of the department of ecology and environmental protection of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. (St. Sonyachna, 3, Vinnytsia city, 21008; tel. 0685429710; e-mail: _anna_m_@ukr.net).

Intensive apple orchards in Ukraine occupy about 70% of their total number and involve the use of high rates of mineral fertilizers and repeated use of pesticides. Despite this, in general, in all categories of farms, the yield of apples remains at a low level. At the same time, the profits of farms are decreasing due to the increase in cultivation costs and a decrease in the sales price. The quality and environmental safety of the obtained products may deteriorate. Therefore, the promising direction of fruit growing in Ukraine is the production of organic products. It limits the use of mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen and synthetic pesticides. But because of this, the yield in an organic garden can drop sharply compared to an intensive garden: from 30-40 t/ha in intensive horticulture to           10-12 t/ha in an organic one. Therefore, in order to reduce the degradation processes in soils, improve the quality and ecological safety of the obtained products, which will meet the requirements of organic production, it is necessary to switch from the use of traditional mineral fertilizers to their alternatives: organic, biological, microfertilizers and others. Since it is impossible to supply the entire horticultural sector with organic fertilizers in the absence of them, an important emphasis should be placed on biofertilizers. But their effectiveness in horticulture is practically not studied, especially in comparison with traditional mineral fertilizers. The purpose of the research is to establish indicators of individual productivity and fruit yield of an intensive apple orchard using biofertilizers of the Bionorma series. When fertilizing an apple orchard of an intensive type with mineral and biofertilizers of the Bionorma series, the highest fruit yield is ensured by the application of complex mineral fertilizer in the norm N60Ð60Ê60 - 39,617 t/ha. When replacing mineral fertilizers with biological fertilizer Bionorma nitrogen, the yield of fruits decreases by 8.0% and amounts to 36,451 t/ha. This biological fertilizer provides 1.8% more apple yield than N60 mineral nitrogen application and 26.1% more than P60 mineral phosphorus application. The high yield of apples with the application of biofertilizer Bionorma nitrogen is ensured by the largest number of set fruits, the lowest percentage of fruit falling during June-August, the highest percentage of fruit preservation before harvest and the largest number of them before harvest from one tree.

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