Сільське господарство та лісівництво

Ihor Didur, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Acting the director of the Institute of Agricultural Technologies and Nature Management of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University (21008, Soniachna Str. 3, Vinnytsia, email: e-mail: ascience@ukr.net; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-6592).

The purpose of the study was to substantiate and optimize the nutrition system of onion of the salad variety type «Yaltynskaya» in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, taking into account its biological characteristics and requirements for the formation of high-quality products. The task of the study was to determine the characteristics of water and mineral nutrition of the crop, clarify the norms and ratios of nutrients, as well as develop practical recommendations for their rational use for the formation of yield and improvement of the marketable quality of bulbs. In modern conditions of vegetable growing, there is a growing need to develop adapted nutrition systems for specialized onion varieties, in particular salad «Yaltynskaya», which significantly differs from spicy varieties in increased demands for moisture supply, sensitivity to stress factors and the specificity of the accumulation of dry matter and flavor compounds. Studies show that this onion consumes 2.0-2.5 times more water than conventional varieties, with the most effective being fractional irrigation with a soil wetting depth of 20-25 cm, with the distribution of the irrigation rate between evening and morning application, which allows combining water supply with top dressing. Particular attention in the nutrition system is paid to avoiding stressful growing conditions and limiting excessive application of sulfur-containing fertilizers, as this contributes to the accumulation of bitter compounds and deterioration of the taste qualities of the product. To form a characteristic sweet taste, it is recommended to reduce sulfur nutrition, especially in the second half of the growing season, when the bulbs reach 25-30% of their varietal volume. It was established that nitrogen nutrition should be moderate, with the introduction of 80-85% of the calculated need before the start of active bulb formation, while potassium plays an increased role compared to ordinary onions, ensuring intensive mass accumulation and improving product quality. An important element of the technology is control over the content of dry matter and the Brix index, which for onions of the «Yaltynska» variety should not exceed 8%, which ensures a low content of essential oils and preservation of a sweet taste. Additionally, the value of micronutrient nutrition, in particular manganese and iron, which affect the formation of the characteristic color of bulbs, as well as the expediency of using micronutrients in the formation and ripening phase, was established. The results of the generalization show that stopping irrigation 2-3 weeks before harvesting, provided that the feather is at the level of 70-75%, contributes to increasing the keeping quality of products. The obtained data confirm the feasibility of implementing a differentiated nutrition system for onion of the salad variety type «Yaltynska» as a condition for the formation of high-quality, sweet and technologically valuable products in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe.

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