Сільське господарство та лісівництво

Tkachuk Оleksandr Petrovich, doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, head of the department of ecology and environmental protection of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. (Str. Sunny, 3, Vinnitsa city, 21008. tel. 0679546095. e-mail: tkachukop@ukr.net ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0647-6662).

Kuzemsky Vitaliy Mykolayovych, postgraduate student of the Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. (3 Sonyachna Street, Vinnytsia, 21008. tel. 0970070587. e-mail: tkachukop@ukr.net,  ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5465-6932).

Key factors contributing to the intensification of aridification and desertification processes include climatic conditions, including insufficient soil moisture, uneven distribution of precipitation, and increased evaporation. These processes can be significantly exacerbated by non-compliance with crop rotation, excessive use of pesticides, intensive tillage, and other negative impacts. In our study, the main attention was paid to test polygons - areas of soil where the vegetation cover was partially or completely absent, or significantly thinned in the late spring period due to overdrying, which caused manifestations of desertification.  The selection of plots was carried out on the basis of remote sensing data of the territory of Vinnytsia district, which is within the Vinnytsia region of Ukraine. The coordinates of the identified points were used for the analysis together with cartograms of the soil cover, which allowed us to distinguish three main types of soils: sod-podzolic, gray podzolic and podzolic chernozem. Each of these types was represented by variants with sandy and sandy loam mechanical composition. Soil moisture was determined on the selected test polygons using the laboratory gravimetric method. The processes of desertification of sandy and sandy loam soils largely depend on their moisture level at different periods of time, which, in turn, is determined by the amount of precipitation. The minimum level of moisture available to plants in sandy soils should be more than 5%, and in sandy loams - not less than 8%. In the spring (April), due to moisture deficiency, sod-podzolic and gray podzolic sandy and sandy loam soils could not provide a sufficient supply of moisture for the germination of seeds of agricultural crops under the existing weather conditions. This led to the fact that such soils began to approach the state of the desert. In July, with the arrival of significant precipitation, there was a sharp increase in the moisture level, which contributed to the active germination of weeds in areas where cultivated plants were not planted. In the fall, all studied soils showed signs of moisture saturation, which improved conditions for the germination of winter crops, but at the same time delayed the timing of field sowing due to excessive moisture.

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